To set up pretty permalink in wordpress in a LEMP environment add the following line inside location / block:
nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?q=$uri&$args;
Off course you should remove try_files if there is any inside location / block.
Your PHP installation appears to be missing the MySQL extension which is required by WordPress.
Run the following command in your hosting account:
apt-get install php5-mysql
When you are getting error “Unable to resolve hostname” in your VPS even after changing the hostname from command line, you can solve it by simply restarting the server.
Use the following commands:-
Change hostname:
sudo echo "yourhostname" > /etc/hostname sudo hostname -F /etc/hostname
Check hostname:
sudo nano /etc/hostname
Edit Hostfile:
sudo nano /etc/hosts
You need to change the corresponding text just after 127.0.1.1 to “yourhostname”.
Final Check:
hostname
If the output gives “yourhostname”. you are done.
Troubleshooting:
Whenever you run a command using sudo you are getting an error which displays, “Unable to resolve hostname ..“.
Restart VPS from command line by typing the following command.
sudo reboot
This will solve the issue.
We assume that you have already bought a domain name for your website. Hope you know why should one buy a domain name. You need to change DNS server of your domain to host it. For example the DNS records for Linode hosting will be:
ns1.linode.com ns2.linode.com ns3.linode.com ns4.linode.com ns5.linode.com
Linode 1 GB is a good start to host single or multiple websites. It costs 10 USD per month. We recommend you buy VPS hosting from Linode only because it is awesome. Take our word for it.
Update: Linode is now offering 2 GB RAM @ 10 USD per month.
Choosing data center should be proper. It should be nearest to the location from which major traffic comes from. This is always not the truth, however. If major traffic of your website is from India, you should choose London as your data center. Check out this post for an in-depth analysis: Data Center for Indian Websites
This tutorial is for a LAMP stack i.e. Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP. If you want to create a LEMP stack i.e. Linux, NGINX, MySQL, PHP stack then follow this tutorial: Host Multiple Sites on LEMP Server in a 1GB Linode.
From Linode Manager, install debian / ubuntu 64 bit into the linode. This installation will take some time. Then Boot it. Your linode is now loaded with a linux operating system.
You can not install other softwares direct from linode manager. You have to connect through ssh client e.g. PuTTY in windows. Open up PuTTY. Use linux root user/password and IP address to connect with your linode.
After successful connect execute following commands each one by one:-
echo "yourhostname" > /etc/hostname hostname -F /etc/hostname nano /etc/hosts
Edit: Change debian/ubuntu to yourhostname.
hostname
will give output “yourhostname”
Troubleshooting: Unable to resolve hostname.
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
apt-get update apt-get upgrade
adduser admin usermod -a -G sudo admin
To secure your linode you need to restrict root user access. Admin user will do the job of root instead. You also need to create ssh key pair authentication method.
Open puTTYgen in your own PC; (Download puTTy from here).
Generate a Public/Private key pair.
Copy Public key into a Text file (Use Notepad++)
Save Private key in your PC.
Now go to terminal window of linode again. But this time login as admin
mkdir .ssh sudo nano .ssh/authorized_keys
Paste the copied text i.e. public key into this file.
sudo chown -R admin:admin .ssh sudo chmod 700 .ssh sudo chmod 600 .ssh/authorized_keys sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
PasswordAuthentication no PermitRootLogin no
sudo service ssh restart
sudo nano /etc/iptables.firewall.rules
Paste the following code into this:
*filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL). -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH connections # # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT # Log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Drop all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j DROP -A FORWARD -j DROP COMMIT
sudo iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.firewall.rules
sudo nano /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/firewall
Add the following code:-
#!/bin/sh /sbin/iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.firewall.rules
sudo chmod +x /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/firewall
sudo apt-get install fail2ban sudo cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.local sudo nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
Set “enabled” to “true” in the [ssh-ddos] section.
sudo service fail2ban restart
Adding DNS Records
sudo apt-get install apache2 sudo cp /etc/apache2/apache2.conf /etc/apache2/apache2.backup.conf sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
KeepAlive Off ... StartServers 2 MinSpareServers 6 MaxSpareServers 12 MaxClients 30 MaxRequestsPerChild 3000
sudo echo "ServerName localhost" | sudo tee /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdn sudo service apache2 restart sudo a2enmod rewrite sudo a2dissite *default
mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/html mkdir /var/www/example.com/logs
mkdir -p /var/www/example.org/html mkdir /var/www/example.org/logs
You may host as many websites as you wish in a single Linode. So, carry on.
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
Add the follwing code:
ServerAdmin webmaster@example.com ServerName example.com ServerAlias www.example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/html/ ErrorLog /var/www/example.com/logs/error.log CustomLog /var/www/example.com/logs/access.log combined
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.org.conf
Add the following:
ServerAdmin webmaster@example.org ServerName example.org ServerAlias www.example.org DocumentRoot /var/www/example.org/html/ ErrorLog /var/www/example.org/logs/error.log CustomLog /var/www/example.org/logs/access.log combined
sudo a2ensite example.com.conf sudo a2ensite example.org.conf sudo service apache2 restart
sudo apt-get install mysql-server sudo mysql_install_db sudo mysql_secure_installation
cp /etc/mysql/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.backup.cnf sudo nano /etc/mysql/my.cnf
Set the following:
max_connections = 75 key_buffer = 32M max_allowed_packet = 1M thread_stack = 128K table_cache = 32
sudo service mysql restart
mysql -u root -p show databases; create database example; use mysql; show tables; select user,host from mysql.user; create user 'exuser'@'localhost' identified by 'expwd'; grant all privileges on example.* to 'exuser'@'localhost'; flush privileges;
sudo apt-get install php5 php-pear php5-mysql sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/dir.conf
Add the following:
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.cgi index.pl index.xhtml index.htm
sudo cp /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini /etc/php5/apache2/php.backup.ini sudo nano /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini
Set the following:
max_execution_time = 30 memory_limit = 128M error_reporting = E_COMPILE_ERROR|E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR|E_ERROR|E_CORE_ERROR display_errors = Off log_errors = On error_log = /var/log/php/error.log register_globals = Off
sudo service apache2 restart
In Linode Manager, go to DNS Manager and add your domain zone like this picture:
Write http://example.com/ in your browser and hit enter. you should see its working.
sudo wget https://wordpress.org/latest.zip sudo apt-get install unzip sudo unzip latest.zip sudo cp -R wordpress/* /var/www/example.com/html/ cd /var/www/example.com/html/ chown -R www-data html sudo cp -R wordpress/* /var/www/example.com/html/
You may install other Web-Software at your convenience.
If you have any query, let us know, we’ll get back to you.
References:-
Getting Started – Linode Guides & Tutorials
Securing Your Server – Linode Guides & Tutorials
Hosting a Website – Linode Guides & Tutorials
How To Set Up Your Linode For Maximum Awesomeness
Time will come when there will be a website for every ordinary things.
It may be a personal website, a company’s website, shop owner’s website, school, college, club, restaurant, gym etc. and a long list which you can not imagine.
The purpose of all of the above is to create an online presence.
If you have ever thought of creating a website for your own or your company, the very first thing you should buy is a name for it, which is called “domain name“.
Note: You can create also your website without buying a domain name. In that case, you can not have something like, “XYZCompany.com”; rather you have to choose “XYZCompany.blogspot.in” or “XYZCompany.wordpress.com” or “XYZCompany.weebly.com” etc.
There are places from where you can buy domain names. They are called domain registrar. To name a few:
Namecheap provides 2 factor authentication which is a great tool to secure the domains account. By the way, purchasing a domain name is not expensive. It is a matter of 10USD (approx 700 INR) per year. It may vary from registrar to registrar.
It is also to be mentioned here, that the following domain name extensions are most popular:
Precisely, .com is for commercial websites; .net is for internet related sites and .org is for non-profit organizations. However, there is no bar choosing domain name extensions.